Critical Ambient Pressure and Critical Cooling Rate in Optomechanics of Electromagnetically Levitated Nanoparticles

The concept of critical ambient pressure is introduced in this paper. particle escapes from its trap when the becomes comparable with or smaller than a value, even if motion cooled by one feedback cooling (or cavity cooling) schemes realized so far. may be small that it not limiting factor ground-state cooling, but rates, which are also paper, factors. any rates (corresponding to components motion) larger value. rate different well-known manifestation measurement noise. corresponding certain component usually optimum at standard quantum limit happens, unless Coulomb force (instead optical gradient force). In addition, given noise for z noises other two (assuming beam illuminating photodetection propagates parallel axis), scheme has best performance. This conclusion agreement experimental results published after writing first version dependence pressure, and minimum achievable mean phonon numbers on parameters system derived can verified experimentally. insights into subtle points about electromagnetic (EM) (including force, radiation recoil force), EM fluctuations, presented paper all theoretical practical importance, might useful many systems besides those examined